The electrical control circuit diagram is a crucial tool that clearly illustrates the purpose, function, and working principle of electrical equipment. It serves as the theoretical foundation for installing, commissioning, and maintaining electrical circuits. In practical production, electricians must be familiar with various types of circuit diagrams, ranging from simple to complex. Over many years of teaching experience, I have developed effective methods for interpreting and drawing these diagrams.
Understanding the machine before understanding the electrical system is essential. First, students should learn about the basic structure, operation, and process requirements of the machinery. This helps them gain an overall view of how the machine works. Once they understand the mechanical aspects, they can then focus on the electrical control requirements. For example, when teaching the CA6140 lathe circuit diagram, I first take students to visit a factory or workshop to observe different types of lathes. They learn about the bed, headstock, feed box, saddle, tool post, lead screw, and tailstock. After grasping the structure, students are introduced to the movement forms—such as the main motion of the workpiece and the feed motion of the tool. The motor-driven feed motion is transmitted through the spindle motor, feed box, and lead screw. The saddle then moves the tool post in both directions. By asking questions like, “Is the operation efficiency too low?†students become engaged and curious.
Cooling is often needed during turning, so a cooling pump motor is included. Students are encouraged to practice operating the lathe under supervision. Once they understand the structure and operation of the CA6140, the control requirements for the electric drive become clear. Teachers can ask students to identify the characteristics of power drive and control requirements, reinforcing their learning.
When explaining other machine tools such as the Z37 radial drilling machine, M1432A cylindrical grinder, and X62W milling machine, I organize visits to factories or workshops. Students observe the structure and movement of each machine, which helps them understand the control requirements for electric drives. These hands-on experiences make it easier for students to interpret circuit diagrams in class.
Reading a circuit diagram begins with the main circuit. Students should identify the motors used, their roles, and the starting method. They also need to determine whether positive/negative control or braking is involved. Next, they analyze the electrical components controlling the system, such as switches, contactors, and relays. Other components like fuses, protective devices, and power supplies should also be considered. The voltage of the main circuit (e.g., 380V or 220V) is important to note.
After analyzing the main circuit, students move to the auxiliary circuits, which include control, signal, and lighting circuits. For instance, when teaching the X62W milling machine, I guide students to read the main circuit, which includes three motors: the spindle motor (M1), feed motor (M2), and coolant pump motor (M3). Each motor has its own control circuit, and students learn how to draw and interpret these on the board.
Complex circuits are made manageable by breaking them into smaller parts. Mastering basic control links is key to understanding more advanced systems. When analyzing control circuits, students start by identifying the power supply type (AC or DC) and voltage level. They then examine how the auxiliary circuit controls the main circuit, looking at small loops that control individual components. If the circuit is complicated, non-essential elements like lighting or signals can be temporarily ignored.
Finally, after analyzing all local circuits, students should review the entire system to ensure nothing is missed. They should check the relationships between control links and understand the role of each component. For example, in the CA6140 lathe, the spindle motor’s contactor (KM1) controls the cooling pump motor (KM2). In the X62W milling machine, the spindle motor’s contactor (KM1) allows the feed motor’s contactors (KM3 and KM4) to operate. These are examples of sequential and electrical interlocking.
By applying these methods, students develop strong analytical skills and gain confidence in reading and drawing electrical control diagrams. This approach not only enhances their technical knowledge but also fosters a deeper interest in electrical systems.
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