Analysis on Several Problems of Developing Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure in China

Keywords : electric vehicle charging station national grid

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0 Preface

In early 2010, the International Climate Organization interviewed 40 experts in electric vehicle-related industries. The results showed that the importance of charging infrastructure construction ranked second among the many influencing factors in the development of electric vehicles, exceeding the purchase price factor, second only to the ranking. 1 battery technology improvement factor. The basic and critical role of the charging facility has reached consensus.

Judging from the development of foreign countries, although the construction of charging facilities in major developed countries is still in its infancy, the government support is very strong. From the perspective of domestic development, the main participants in the construction of China's charging facilities include State Grid Corporation, China Southern Power Grid Corporation, Putian Oil, Sinopec, BYD and other enterprises. In recent years, China has put into operation a certain number of charging stations and charging piles. The charging methods include fast charging, slow charging, and battery replacement. The preliminary work provides valuable experience for subsequent construction. At present, State Grid Corporation, China Southern Power Grid Corporation, Putianhai Oil, Sinopec and other enterprises have signed strategic cooperation agreements with most local governments, and have formulated relatively clear construction goals and plans. The construction of charging stations has begun to show signs of accelerated development.

Although the construction of charging infrastructure has been highly valued at home and abroad, at present, all countries in the world are faced with a series of problems such as unclear technical standards and operating modes. China needs to increase research and innovation on the basis of pilots and explore a suitable country. The country's charging infrastructure development path.

The charging infrastructure is for electric vehicles, and its service content is electricity service. Therefore, the charging infrastructure has dual infrastructure characteristics, which is both an important power service infrastructure and an important modern transportation infrastructure. It is of great significance to clarify the nature, attributes and relationship of the charging infrastructure with the power grid.

1 The essence of charging service is to meet a new type of electricity demand

For the new electric power user of electric vehicle, its own characteristics determine that its power demand is quite different from the demand of ordinary power users, and it has three new features of mobility, diversity and guidance.

1.1 The demand for electricity in electric vehicles is mobile

Unlike the electricity demand of ordinary power users, the demand for electricity in electric vehicles has significant mobility characteristics. This is because, as a means of transportation, the same electric vehicle may be parked in a number of different locations, and its electricity demand will also move between different parking positions, so "fixed-point electricity, fixed-point charging" designed for traditional users. The electricity service method is no longer applicable, and electric vehicle users must be provided with "multi-point electricity, multi-point billing" power service.

1.2 The demand for electricity in electric vehicles is diverse

First of all, different types of electric vehicle users have different electricity requirements. There is a big difference in the demand for electricity for electric buses, sanitation vehicles, taxis and private cars. Secondly, the same electric vehicle user has a variety of power requirements, both the need for rapid battery replacement, as well as the need for DC charging and AC charging.

1.3 The demand for electricity in electric vehicles is predictable

The demand for electricity in electric vehicles is very good and can be guided. In the case of effective guidance using means such as time-sharing electricity price, it is possible to play the role of cutting peaks and filling valleys, and improving the overall operating efficiency of the system. For the current slow charging technology, the charging process can generally be completed in 5-8 hours. According to statistics, 90% of vehicles have 95% of their time in suspension, which means that through reasonable incentives and advanced smart grid technology, electric vehicle users can be guided to arrange charging time in the grid load period to achieve grid Friendly interaction.

2 Networking is the basic property of the charging infrastructure

From the current pilot stage, many pilot projects are mainly to build charging piles and charging stations for specific electric vehicle users. With the development of electric vehicles in the future, it is necessary to optimize the layout of charging stations and charging piles from the perspective of system optimization integration according to the three characteristics of mobility, diversity and guidance of their electricity demand. The information management platform builds an organic charging service network to achieve efficient, intelligent and standardized network construction and operation. Networked attributes should be the basic attributes of charging infrastructure and serve as an important principle for the top-level design and planning of charging infrastructure in China.

2.1 Network construction and operation can meet the requirements of mobility and diversity of electric vehicles

For electric vehicle users, due to the mobility and diversity of their electricity demand, users will want infrastructure operators to provide multi-point charging services with multi-point power and multi-point charging, as well as battery replacement and slow charging. Fast charging and other ways to combine diverse charging services. This kind of demand of users determines that the construction of charging facilities in China cannot adopt the construction and operation mode of “decentralized operation and individual administration”. However, according to the standards of unified standards, the service outlets and service methods must be reasonably configured according to the actual needs of users to provide users with Networked and standardized charging services.

2.2 Network construction and operation is conducive to promoting the standardized and orderly development of the charging service industry

Electric vehicle charging service belongs to public service. Similar to the demand of mobile communication service, electric vehicle users need to enjoy the same standard and continuous charging service in a large area. It is not expected to have disorderly development and different standards. . Building a powerful charging network construction operator will help ensure that all charging facilities within the network coverage adopt uniform standards to ensure the standardization and consistency of a series of related public services such as charging measurement and maintenance. At the same time, analog mobile communication network services, government-related management departments can also regulate the development of the industry by issuing business licenses, etc., to avoid problems such as non-uniform standards and inadequate services.

2.3 Network construction and operation is conducive to the use of scale benefits and reduce system operation and maintenance costs

In order to guarantee the quality of charging and replacing services, operators must ensure that the charging and replacing facilities have certain redundancy and standby. For example, the Beijing Olympics bus line has a 60% battery reserve rate. If decentralized operation is adopted, a large number of spare facilities are needed to ensure the quality of service. By adopting networked operation and management, intensive complementarity can be achieved, which helps to reduce the total demand of standby facilities and fully utilize the complementary operation of charging facilities. Benefits and economies of scale, saving construction and operating costs. In addition, through advanced information communication and other means, the user can also know the occupancy of the charging device of the neighboring network in advance, and the user can easily select the idle charging facility for charging, thereby improving the utilization efficiency of the charging facility while facilitating the user. Finally, through networked operations, it is conducive to the formation of professional and standardized technical service teams, improve the level of technical services, reduce the demand for related personnel and equipment, and save social resources.

3 The charging network is inextricably linked to the grid

3.1 Charging network has obvious dependence on the distribution network

At present, the subsidy policy introduced by the national 4 departments has plug-in hybrid and pure electric vehicles as the main support targets, requiring the battery capacity of each of them to exceed 10 kW·h and 15 kW·h respectively, and the subsidy standard is 3,000 yuan/(kW· h), while the current BYD E6 pure electric vehicle capacity has exceeded 60 kW·h. According to the average capacity of 20 kW·h per vehicle, it is assumed that the fast charge adopts 1- 3C charging mode (charging time 20~60 min), slow charging adopts 0.2-0.3C charging mode (charging time 3~6 h), 2 kinds In the case, the required charging power is 20~60 kW and 4~6 kW respectively. In the future, as the battery capacity is doubled, the charging power needs to be multiplied.

From the aspect of planning and construction of charging facilities, due to the large charging power and possible harmonic pollution, as the coverage and density of the charging network increase and the large-scale application of fast charging equipment, it is necessary to evaluate the charging behavior to reliably supply power to the distribution network. The impact of the quality and power quality, rectification of the charging facilities that do not meet the requirements of the relevant technical standards and the implementation of the necessary distribution network upgrading and reconstruction projects by the distribution network management department. Therefore, the construction and optimization of the charging network can not only consider the electricity demand of electric vehicles, but also must be combined with the planning, construction and operation management of the distribution network. The grid company must master and guide the planning and layout of the charging network and the construction work. From the perspective of operation management, the essence of the charging facility operation service is to provide electric energy to the electric vehicle. The charging station has an important impact on the safe operation and power quality of the distribution network, and is inevitably affected by the operation and control of the distribution network. The charging network is inseparable from the support of the distribution network in terms of technical services, energy metering, electricity bill settlement, and power management.

3.2 The construction and operation of the charging network should be combined with the construction and management of the smart grid.

Another important benefit of the charging network in addition to the new power demand of electric vehicles is to play the role of electric vehicles in energy storage, and participate in system peaking by reasonably arranging the charging time, thereby improving the overall operating efficiency of the power system and achieving energy saving and emission reduction. Great benefits. In the future, with the advancement of battery technology, it is expected to realize the function of discharging electric vehicles to the grid, and further improve the ability of participating in system peak shaving. In order to realize the peaking efficiency of the electric vehicle to the system, it is necessary to combine battery technology research and development, charging network construction, charging service management and smart grid. From the perspective of planning and construction, whether it is invested by power grid enterprises or other participants, the charging network must install smart energy meters and two-way communication facilities during the construction phase, making it a two-way interactive platform for connecting power grids and electric vehicle users. And make it an important part of the smart grid. From the perspective of operation management, the charging network operation management platform must achieve efficient interaction with the smart grid-related management platform. The charging network management platform implements intelligent charging service management based on information such as power supply and demand situation and real-time electricity price obtained from the smart grid-related management platform, and guides the user to charge during the low-voltage period to help the system to peak the peak. In the future, with the advancement of battery technology, it is possible to realize that the electric vehicle users will reversely transmit power to the grid at the peak load, and exert a greater benefit of “shaving the peak and filling the valley”.

In addition, large-scale charging and replacement stations in the future network can also be used as energy storage power stations and emergency support power sources. Through intelligent charging management, on the one hand, the impact of electric vehicle charging behavior on the distribution network is minimized, and the overall efficiency of the system is improved. On the other hand, the peak-to-valley electricity price mechanism is used to reduce the user's electricity cost and achieve a “win-win”.

4 Power grid enterprises should play a leading role in the construction and operation of charging networks

Due to the construction and operation characteristics of the charging network and its inseparable connection with the power grid, the grid enterprises need to combine their own advantages and characteristics in the construction and operation of the charging network to play a leading role in effectively promoting the construction of China's charging network.

4.1 Power grid enterprises have first-mover advantage in terms of technologies and standards for charging facility construction

Since 2006, grid companies have carried out a lot of work in the research and practice of electric vehicle charging facilities, and have achieved many important results. At present, China's power grid enterprises have completed the typical design of charging stations and a number of related enterprise standards, and are actively participating in the research and preparation of national standards; demonstration charging stations and charging piles have been built in Shanghai, Tangshan, Henan, Shenzhen, etc. Signed a strategic cooperation agreement with the local government, laying a good foundation for the next stage of large-scale demonstration application. Considering that the construction of charging facilities involves the design and construction of supporting circuits such as distribution line transformation and transformer expansion, power quality control technology and smart metering technology, power grid enterprises have obvious first-mover advantages in terms of technologies and standards for charging facilities construction.

4.2 Grid enterprises have network advantages and direct sales advantages in providing charging services

From the perspective of the service network, the charging stations and charging piles built in the future are all within the coverage of the power grid. The grid enterprises can more fully grasp the charging network layout and optimize the positioning in a targeted manner. At the same time, relying on the existing distribution network communication information platform and marketing network, grid companies are more likely to realize the network management and service of charging facilities.

From the perspective of sales model, there is no intermediate link between grid companies directly selling electricity to electric vehicle users, which not only helps to provide more cost-effective services, but also helps to better grasp and meet user needs.

4.3 Grid enterprises can maximize social benefits through intelligent control

Intelligent charging control is the key to realize the benefit of “cutting peaks and filling valleys” of electric vehicles. It needs to have intelligent charging management platform, communication channel, intelligent terminal and two-way interaction with power grid as support, and the construction cost and operation and maintenance cost are high. For grid companies, ensuring safe, economical, clean and sustainable power supply is their basic mission and has the inherent driving force for smart charging-related work. In addition, the charging network service provided by the grid company can realize the intelligent charging control by using the existing information management platform, communication channel and smart meter terminal in the intelligent distribution network, and reduce the construction cost and operation cost of the intelligent charging management system, which can maximize Save social resources.

Therefore, grid companies have both intrinsic motivation and cost advantages in carrying out smart charging services and maximizing social benefits.

5 Risks to be taken when conducting charging network services

At present, due to the uncertainties in the development of electric vehicle development technology, battery technology, market acceptance, operation mode and related policies, relevant enterprises in China should strengthen their development strategy research in charging network business, paying attention to Prevent related risks.

5.1 Risks from technical route and standard uncertainty

At present, there are certain uncertainties in the development of technical routes for electric vehicles and related standards for charging facilities. For example, the two different technical routes of plug-in hybrid and pure electric have different requirements for charging facilities. The interface standard and power standard of the charging facility have a great impact on the construction of charging facilities. It is necessary to guard against the high cost risks of adopting excessive construction standards and the risk of renovation and reconstruction caused by the use of too low construction standards.

5.2 Risks from uncertainty in market acceptance

At present, the demonstration and promotion of electric vehicles are mainly based on special vehicles such as buses, taxis, postal services, sanitation, etc. It is also difficult to judge the future market acceptance of electric vehicles and supporting charging services, and ordinary consumers charge electric vehicles and their supporting devices. The service will have a process from understanding to gradual acceptance. Therefore, we should adopt a prudent attitude towards the construction of private passenger car charging facilities, not only to prevent the risk of underutilization of charging facilities from being too radical, but also to prevent construction from being too conservative to meet the development of the private electric vehicle market. Requirements.

5.3 Risks from operational model uncertainty

At present, there is no mature charging service operation mode that is widely recognized. It is necessary to further explore various operating modes and their applicable objects, and finally form one or more types of business operation modes for sustainable development. For example, DC fast charging has a great impact on battery life, and it is difficult to promote it in a wide range; AC slow charging requires better parking garage (bit) conditions, and it is difficult to cover all users; battery replacement technology has the advantages of short battery replacement time and flexible site selection. With large-scale application conditions, it should be the next step in development, but it is necessary to accelerate the standardization process of power batteries. In addition, due to the national level and local government's positioning of the charging network, industry access, preferential measures have not yet clearly issued relevant policies, the development of related operating models have also brought certain uncertainty. Therefore, it is necessary to avoid falling into a business model with weak sustainability.

6 Conclusion

Charging infrastructure is a key link in the industrialization and scale development of electric vehicles. The market development space is huge in the future. Its basic attributes, construction and operation characteristics determine the inseparable connection between charging facilities and the power grid. The construction and operation of the charging network is not a competitive market with ordinary marketization. It should give full play to the leading role of the power grid enterprises in their construction and operation. The government departments, power grid enterprises, municipal departments, relevant industries and the public should cooperate and cooperate together. Advance.

It is suggested that the government and relevant departments actively carry out research on major issues in the charging network service system, business model, and interaction methods, and accelerate the research and development of China's charging network development planning and technical standards system.

(1) Further deepen research on important issues such as operation and management of charging facilities. On the basis of the existing achievements, closely tracking the latest developments in foreign countries, combined with the actual development needs of China's electric vehicle industry, government departments, power grid enterprises and other authoritative research institutions cooperate to carry out research on the development strategy of China's charging service network. At the same time, it is necessary to actively organize special research on charging network optimization layout, service pricing mechanism, and participation in system peaking.

(2) Focus on formulating the “Twelfth Five-Year Plan” and medium- and long-term planning for charging networks in large and medium-sized cities and strive to integrate them into urban development plans. On the basis of research on the key technologies and standard systems of charging stations (piles), we will further accelerate the research and development of charging network standard systems to effectively support the development of charging infrastructure networking and intensification.

(3) Strengthen the publicity and popularization of the public. Strengthen the technical, economic and environmental benefits of electric vehicles to the public, and publicize the latest developments, related laws and regulations and preferential policies in the construction of charging networks in China. At the same time, consideration should be given to formulating some incentives to guide the public to actively use the charging network, to obtain public support for the construction and operation of the charging network, and to cultivate a good user base for accelerating the construction of the charging network.

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