Principle of infrared spectroscopy
Infrared spectroscopy is closely related to the molecular structure and is an effective method to study and characterize the molecular structure. Compared with other methods, infrared spectroscopy is recognized as an important analytical tool because it has no restrictions on the sample. In the analysis and determination of molecular configuration and conformation research, chemical engineering, physics, energy, materials, astronomy, meteorology, remote sensing, environment, geology, biology, medicine, medicine, agriculture, food, court identification and industrial process control, etc. All have a very wide range of applications.
Infrared spectroscopy can study the structure and chemical bonds of molecules, such as the determination of force constants and molecular symmetry. The infrared spectroscopy method can be used to determine the bond length and bond angle of molecules, and to infer the three-dimensional configuration of molecules. According to the obtained force constant, the strength of the chemical bond can be inferred, and the thermodynamic function can be calculated from the normal frequency. Some groups or chemical bonds in the molecule correspond to band wave numbers in different compounds that are basically fixed or only change in a small band, so many organic functional groups such as methyl, methylene, carbonyl, cyano, Hydroxyl groups, amine groups, etc. have characteristic absorption in the infrared spectrum. Through infrared spectrum measurement, one can determine which organic functional groups are present in the unknown sample, which lays the foundation for the final determination of the chemical structure of the unknown.
Due to intramolecular and intermolecular interactions, the characteristic frequency of organic functional groups will change slightly depending on the chemical environment in which the functional groups are located, which creates conditions for the study and characterization of intramolecular and intermolecular interactions.
Many normal vibrations of molecules in the low wave number region often involve all atoms in the molecule. Different molecules vibrate in different ways from each other, which makes infrared spectroscopy highly characteristic like fingerprints, called fingerprint region. Taking advantage of this feature, people have collected infrared spectra of thousands of known compounds and stored them in a computer to compile a standard spectral library of infrared spectra.
One only needs to compare the measured infrared spectrum of the unknown with the spectrum in the standard library to quickly determine the composition of the unknown compound.
The development of contemporary infrared spectroscopy technology has made the meaning of infrared spectroscopy far beyond the stage of simple routine testing of samples and inference of the composition of compounds. The combination of infrared spectrometer and many other testing methods has led to many new molecular spectroscopy fields. For example, the combination of chromatography and infrared spectrometer has created opportunities for deepening understanding of the chemical structure of various components in complex mixture systems; The combination of microscope methods to form infrared imaging technology is used to study the morphological structure of heterogeneous systems. Because infrared spectroscopy can use its characteristic band to effectively distinguish different compounds, this method has a chemical contrast that is difficult to match with other methods.
In addition, with the increasing advancement of electronic technology, semiconductor detectors have been integrated and focal plane array detectors have been commercialized. It has effectively promoted the development of infrared imaging technology and also developed non-Fourier transform infrared spectrometers for the future. Created an opportunity. With the development and wide application of synchrotron radiation technology, infrared spectrometers using synchrotron radiation as a light source have appeared. Since the intensity of synchrotron radiation is five orders of magnitude higher than conventional light sources, this can effectively improve the signal-to-noise ratio and resolution of the spectrum. It is particularly worth noting that in recent years, free electron laser technology has provided people with a new type of infrared light source with good monochromaticity, high brightness and continuously adjustable wavelength, which can be combined with near-field technology to make infrared imaging The technology has been effectively improved in both resolution and chemical contrast.
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